Manifestation of Anorexia Nervosa in East-Asian Culture

Manifestation of Anorexia Nervosa in East- Asiatic burnishTharushi KaluarachchiMental nauseaes do not exist independent of their tender and historic scope. Although it is generally accepted that socio cultural factors ar key in the cartoon of Anorexia Nervosa (AN), presently, it is bound by westbound notions of infirmity as its criterion is think on the obsession with thinness for women with the disorder. further with its evolution being reflect in East-Asia, it has been hypothesised that an increase guess for take in disorders in those countries a stand outs from a great exposure to Western popular husbandry, diets and set. However this in itself does not explain the spread of the disorder as a more mazy historical view is needed to explain its conception in East-Asia.Being complex in aetiology, on that point is much debate centred on the motivation groundwork food refusal in being the most challenging factor to present (Keel Klump, 2003). In Western countrie s, the promotion of thinness as the ideal young-bearing(prenominal) person convention today has forged a template for the diagnosis of AN as eating disorders have begin more common among five-year-older females with a period of icons of the Ameri stinker beauty becoming thinner during the late 20th Century (Keel Klump, 2003). As a result of this campaign, Lee (1995) claims that forward-looking biomedical views of AN have specifyd the avoidance of food purely to a tutelage of adipose tissue while the sufferer becomes emaciated. The essential criteria for Anorexia Nervosa includes an intense fear of weight pass water even with a markerifi faecal mattertly low weight (The Diagnostic and statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (5th ed. DSM5 Ameri scum bag Psychiatric Association, 2013). wherefore it is insisted that the closing of this fat phobic disorder needs to presuppose recovery.However this explanation is wanting(predicate) as East-Asian refinements have a histori cally unique evolution fundagenially apart from modern Western culture (Keel and Klump, 2003). wherefore in East-Asian countries AN was previously noted to be unknown with the fear of fatness noted to be frequently absent among these disused anorexics. A culturally sensitive study of AN in Hong Kong revealed that although they bore a convincing resemblance to Western Anorectics in terms of physicality, a wide portion, 59%, did not exhibit any(prenominal) fat phobia, instead rationalising their food refusal by dint of bloating and oesophageal blockages (Lee, Ho Hsu, 1993) . Hence these East-Asian Anorexics resulted to primitive causes for self- famishment, endorsing the body as a social response to illness (Watters, 2010). Thus, an exclusives wo is culturally defined, as these embodied sensations indicate mental distress carrying as much meaning and impact as a Western complaint of anxiety or depression (Lee, 1995).Regarding a shield study by Lee (1995), a thirty-one yea r archaic uncomplaining from Hong Kong began complaining of abdominal discomfort and reduced her food inhalation referable to her boyfriend deserting her. Despite seeing doctors, her weight continued to hang with her attributing it to abdominal problems, denying any fear of fatness or intentionally confining diet. Cl first this patient did not fit the diagnostic criteria for AN according to the DSM due to the discrepancy between the biomedical explanation of fat phobia and the patients personal explanations (Watters, 2010). Aetiological explanations that were sought done Chinese herbalists attributed the self-starvation to imbalances with bodily organs being devoid of normal hunger sensations, yet was effectuate to be ineffective in treatment. As a result, what was needed was a more local understanding of the personal and cultural forces at dissipation instead of relying on a world(a) template driven by the use of Western diagnostic categories as neither Western nor easter n healing modalities were having an impact.It is imperative to document that cultural forces are often liaise byout story to mould the contextual factors which result in the mental illnesses of that time. Hence in pursuing an aetiological explanation for abnormal Anorexics, ferocity is of particular avocation as its symptoms tend to be shaped by the surrounding culture which is constantly changing in accordance with what is deemed to be female by society. (Shorter, 19861). Although the patients condition laughingstocknot be explained through modern conceptualisations of AN, the symptoms exhibited can be traced back to nineteenth century rage. This was an extremely popular form of illness manifesting in a variety of symptoms much(prenominal) as convulsive fits, paralysis and muscle contractions, which the patient believed was physical in origin and perceived as being beyond the control of their cognizant mind (Shorter, 1986).Lasgue (1873 as cited in Malson, 1998) presented hysterical anorexia as a form of hysteria caused by the mental perverseness of the patient affected as an illness of female neuralness. Lasgue (1873 as cited in Malson, 1998) constructs the typical patient to be a young woman who is mentally weak, aged fifteen to twenty long time suffering from a personal trauma who is unable to voluntarily repulse ascending to the illness. Hence in failing to differentiate between a typical patient and other young girls, he pathologized all young girls, depicting them as being incapable of controlling their symptoms. Hence his trace inadvertently enabled a dialogue between the medical society and puritanical middle class females (Brumberg, 1985).Sir William receive (1873) who shortly succeeded Lasgue drew the conclusion resultant to observing similarities across a number of flakes, due to the consistent absence seizure of gastric dysfunction which he used as evidence to attribute the expiration of appetite to a morbid mental state. Hence Gull defined the loss of appetite as Anorexia Nervosa with the motive for self-starvation being as a result of mental wilfulness differentiated form hysteria which had an organic cause (Gull, 1873).In constructing a weak minded, young nervous girl, Gull (1873) and Lasgue (1873) presented AN to be viewed as a characteristic or pilot burner of all young women (Malson, 1998). The ensuing public debate established AN as a distinct disease entity reifying it as a common female disorder which was typified by an aversion to eating food with the patient coverage abdominal pains (Mackenzie, 1888 as cited in Malson, 1998). Yet, as found with the case of atypical East-Asian anorexics, it was repeatedly asserted that careful examinations found no sign of any organic causes that could be attributed to the disorder (Marshall, 1895 as cited in Malson, 1998). Hence a phobia of gaining weight is not the reason for extreme self-starvation, as gastric discomfort was legitimized by physicians, inste ad attributing anorectic patients starvation as the wish not to eat or loss of appetite with the behaviour being as destructive as patients today with anorexia nervosa (Shorter, 1985 as cited in Lee, 1995). Hence non-fat phobia anorexia displays no particular cultural features as it was found in early conceptions of hysteria and atypical anorexics in East-Asia.Oppenheim (1991 as cited in Watters, 2010) documents the influence of hysteria in Victorian culture in the early twentieth century that led to the rise of the disorder as it was mentioned in not only medical literature but also in popular magazines and newspapers that were easily accessible to lay people. Hysteria was encountered everywhere in the public, seen in an ad in Modern Mechanix Physical Culture that promoted devices much(prenominal) as body braces to remedy female weakness, backache, stomach perturbthe result of incorrect posture, misplaced organs (Stop Suffering, 1934). Further an ad in Photoplay generalised wo man as having no control of herself with constant headache, backache and slaphappy spells prescribing tablets that would give women back their youth, beauty and health (These Hysterical Woman, 1932). Hence this depersonalisation disorder of disease by medical professionals and consequently the media can have an unconscious(p) yet powerful effect on people as the psychoneurotic symptoms of anorexia nervosa were shaped by their opinions of what constitutes a disease (Shorter, 1986 as cited in Watters, 2010). Shorter (1986) claims that as these expectations change, it targets a specific population and provides patients with a imitate of how to behave and which symptoms to present. Hence as seen with hysteria, this rapid increase in relative incidence of a configuration of symptoms coming into vogue through a public interest in medical discourse presents with a problem of incidences of diseases rising (Shorter, 1986). As a result the illness manifested in the population at large and the incidence of the disease drastically rose as self-starvation which was once a rare symptom became common. Shorter (1994268 as cited in Malt, 1996) postulated that the medical society stimulated the eating disorder behaviour as it influences patients ways of communicating their distress to be more recognized and accepted as it offers a person who can no longer cope with their situation to be free of commit through a non-stigmatic label corresponding to medical diagnostics. Hence this rise in hysteria symptoms in early nineteenth century can be matched with atypical anorexics in East-Asian countries in the late twentieth century, with the possibility that the lack of public awareness in East-Asia correlated with the rarity of the disorder, as distressed individuals were less likely to select AN as the illness of prime(prenominal) (Watters, 2010).In the late 1990s the cultural and individual differences in diagnosis became blurred as the influence of the Western diagnostic manual grew and wouldnt be confirmed as AN unless the patient fulfilled the DSM criteria which presents a large problem in treating them (Watters, 2010). Although increasing industrialisation and fraying of traditionalistic forms of family occurred in the 1990s, this Westernisation is forgetful in describing the rise in the incidence of eating disorders in Asian countries (Pike Borovy, 2004). This clash between traditional and modernism formed a belief system suspended between East-Asian and Western conceptions at the point where modern attitudes have fragmented families yet not enough to overturn the traditional familism (Chan Lee, 1995).As a result, Cummins, Simmons and Zane (2005) criticise DSM as a diagnostic shit as it requires endorsing specific symptoms, yet it presents as less relevant to East-Asian populations as they whitethorn exhibit a different pattern of symptom presentation. However Rogler (1992 as cited in Aderibigbe and Pandurangi, 1995) claim that when transla ting international instruments such as the DSM, they should be culturally sensitive to ensure an accurate assessment of symptoms as they should be described freely without any Westernised prejudice. Further, Aderibigbe and Pandurangi (1995) call for more flexibly merged diagnostic systems where the diagnostic inclusion and exclusion criteria is applied in the context of the local culture as diagnosis would be improved if there are alternate classifications of disorders that were more suitable to East-Asian countries.Western conceptualisations often carelessness the conception of AN in contemporary East-Asia is affected by the dominant cultural expectations for young woman as traditional notions of love, marriage and adulthood piddle a context which offers financial stability whilst simultaneously limiting their social lives (Pike Borovy, 2004). As a result of this culture, Pike and Borovy (2004) suggest that eating disorders may reflect the individuals distress in negotiating t hese constraints which still values women in their traditional roles of domesticity. This is contrasted with Western cultural valuation of women where the tension arises from a result of striving for achievement and autonomy in being necessitate to negotiate the demands of competitive worlds with a devaluation of traditional dependency work (Pike Borovy, 2004).Western societal standards of beauty often overvalue size and weight, expressed through a general distorted body image and fat phobia of the population. Although this pursuit of thinness has been absorbed by East-Asian culture, it is not the central create factor of East-Asian AN. Instead there is a need to recognise that this fear manifests as a loss of control, which is the more critical factor in developing AN (Lee, 2001 as cited in Pike Borovy, 2004). This is where the culture acts as a guide for the individual by providing a range of symptoms to express distress as it provides a range of physical symptoms for the unco nscious mind to physically express the psychological conflict (Shorter, 19861). Hence it is fundamental that the aetiological model of AN integrates the local East-Asian culture and the universal need to express distress and global Westernisation.The rise in incidence of fat phobia anorexics can be ascribed to the popularisation of the DSM essential criteria of a fear of fatness in Hong Kong through the media. Instances such as the death of a young anorexic girl, Charlene Hsu Chi-Ying sparked the financial aid of the media with newspaper headlines from local Chinese-language daily papers such as Schoolgirl waterfall Dead on Street Thinner than a yellow salad days (Watters, 2010). With little local professional knowledge, Western experts were quoted, ascribing her demise to weight loss and dieting (Watters, 2010). Hence this media attention not only generated public interest resulting in the rise of this disorder, but especially a rise in the Westernised form of AN in a different subpopulation, modelling DSM symptoms. A newspaper article in The Nation claimed that eating disorders were estimated to afflict one in 100 young Japanese women (Effron, 199714) similar to the incidence rate in the United States. The extent of Western acculturation in Asian countries can be seen as Effron claims that a weight-loss craze has swept the developed countries of Asia, move womenscurrying to exercise studios and slimming salons (Effron, 199714 as appearance and figures became very important to young people.Hence raising awareness of AN in Asian culture inadvertently became a double-edged sword as it could draw a susceptible reader in, with Shaw (2006) finding that adolescents tend to respond more to appearance images. Further, vulnerable adolescents who were dissatisfied with their body and perceived the pressure to fit in were adversely affected by exposure to images of thin models (Stice, Spangler and Agras, 2001). Therefore, there is a need to change the perception of AN portrayed in the media as it has become a culturally manipulated syndrome in East-Asian societies, leading to mimic anorexics as they regard the process of self-starvation with veneration rather than pain (Brumberg, 1985). Hence this proliferation of the promotion of starvation as glamorizing the disease for girls who seek it as an outlet of distress can encourage imitation. As a result, Psychiatry today in East-Asian cultures are treating the subpopulation affected by Western manifestations of AN which is in nice as it dismisses the genuine atypical anorexics.In summation, it is important to consider AN as cultural artefact which has been straight over time, as well as integrating a biomedical and personal subjective models. Hence there is no single adequate suggestion that media and advertising or society alone have increased the incidence of AN. It is rather that culture is a layered process of history and social expectations which put modern adolescents at a greater risk fo r developing the disease such that a deeper historical view, as act here, can be sought to explain how expectations of AN have changed. However, the mediation of factors such as media, which help form a dialogue between the disease and the public need to be controlled and take into account the local culture in order to aid in treating and restricting the rise of the incidence of AN in East-Asian countries.

The Basic Building Blocks Of Quantitative Research Psychology Essay

The Basic Building Blocks Of numeric explore Psychology Essay soft search Methodology is gaining wide outflank sufferance among exploreers in Social Sciences Circle but finds less acceptance among Basic Scientists and Engineers who prefer to utilization Quantitative (Statistical) Methods of query.Statistics abide be defined as collecting, summarizing, and analyzing of entropy. Selection of a statistical abridgment that is appropriate depends on whether the information for the variable under canvass atomic number 18 soft or numeric. Quantitative data consists of numerical information and a methodology when applying statistical/mathematical tools for abbreviation of such type of data is known as Quantitative Research Methodology. In contrast, soft data consists of non-numerical information (such as text, images, and sounds) and a methodology of analysis of such kind of data when not relying on statistical/ mathematical tools is known as Qualitative Research Methodolo gy 1. The main rest that describes whether soft look into is superior or quantitative interrogation is how they are able to contribute to bodies of knowledge. Qualitative explore mainly niduses on the behaviors, cultures and defining characteristics of events, human nature, interactions and experience. entropy is not change to numerical data. Qualitative research methods emphasis on interpretation and by providing the analysts with complete views, environmental immersions and a depth of understanding of concepts. Qualitative methods of research provide a depth of understanding of issues/problems which is not possible by the use of quantitative methods (statistically-based investigations). The knowledge gained through qualitative research methods is more than informative, richer and offers enhanced understandings in comparison to that obtained through quantitative research methods. Quantitative research is typically considered to be the more scientific approach that is co ncern with number, or numerical descriptions of things and their relationships 2.The basic building blocks of quantitative research are variables. Important types of variables employ in quantitative research are monotonous variable, quantitative variable, dependent variable and independent variable. Three major types of quantitative research are experimental, non-experimental research and survey. The purpose of experimental research is to meditate relationship of cause and effect. It is only type of research where active consumption of an independent variable is present. Random assignment to create equivalent groups is used in the strongest experimental research designs 3. Experimental research includes testifying a hypothesis in a controlled environment while non-experimental research involves examining the already existing scenario in the world and trying to draw conclusions from the situation by development usually a cause-effect relationship. Social sciences, particularly history, archaeology, and political science, focalization the non-experimental research methods. Owing to the complexity of the situation there is no room to form a meaningful experiment for the majority of these fields. Though psychology and anthropology are a good deal more inclined to experimental research for find patterns 4. Testing of the hypothesis is done by either of the three tests z-test, t-test and p-value test 5. Quantitative analysis also includes descriptive and inferential statistics. Basic difference between descriptive statistics and inferential statistics (or inductive statistics) is that descriptive statistics which aims to restate a sampling, rather than utilise the data to learn about the population that the sample of data is thought to represent. They are not developed on the background of probability possibleness 6. Descriptive Statistics are the tabular, graphical, and numerical methods used to summarize data. Statistical inference is the process of using data obtained from the sample and to drag estimates and test hypotheses about the characteristics of the population 7. Summarizing of quantitative data includes 8Frequency disseminationRelative Frequency and Percent Frequency DistributionsDot PlotHistogram additive DistributionsNumerical methods used to summarize the quantitative data are 9 mingyMedianModeVarianceStandard DeviationCAQDASComputer help Qualitative Data Analysis software (CAQDAS) is the use of computer computer software for qualitative research. It helps in transcription analysis, coding and text interpretation, recursive abstraction, subject area analysis and discourse analysis etc. It is used in psychology, merchandise research, ethnography, and other societal sciences. A CAQDAS program should haveContent prying tools,Coding tools,Linking tools,Mapping or networking tools,Query tools,Writing and annotation tools.The advantages of using this software include avoiding from manual and clerical tasks, m saving, managing huge amounts of qualitative data, increased flexibility, improved validity and auditability of qualitative research. Disadvantages include increasely settled and rigid processes, privileging of coding, and retrieval methods reification of data, increased pressure on researchers to focus on volume and breadth rather than on depth and meaning, time and energy spent learning to use computer packages 10. CAQDAS (Computer assisted qualitative data analysis software) is the good one technique in qualitative which helps us to find the true forecast and acceptable results in a specific topic 11. A unique aspect of using CAQDAS vs. hand-coding/analysis is the ability of the program to create visual representations of data-charts, graphs, trees-that help in analysis and potentially can help readers to more deeply understand the interpretations 12. CAQDAS potentially makes qualitative inquiry more logical, transparent and trustworthy. CAQDAS such as NVivo can help in all the six steps of qualitative data analysis which are 13Choosing a topicliterature review pack of theoretical and abstract foundations and research questionsResearch design, Sample, context and negotiating accessData collection and preparationData analysis and Discussion and final write-up solely the CAQDAS packages provide these following features that make qualitative data analysis much easier structure of work, closeness to data and interactivity, explore the data, code and retrieve functionality, toil management and data organization, searching and interrogating the database, writing tools and standard selection of fruit reports 14.Do I agree?I agree with the view that qualitative research methodology is gaining wide spread acceptance among researchers in social sciences circle but finds less acceptance among basic scientists and Engineers who prefer to use quantitative (statistical) methods of research. In my opinion neither school of research is superior. two when carried out correctly provide good research results. The superiority of qualitative or quantitative research depends on the data under study and the fruitful additions to the knowledge made by either of the methods. The qualitative descriptive study is the method of choice when straight descriptions of phenomena are desired. Such study is especially useful for researchers wanting to know the who, what, and where of events 15. Qualitative research covers a broad area of philosophical positions. Interest in qualitative re-search is increasing in health department 16. The purpose of qualitative analysis is to get to greater understanding and to attain a higher level of conceptual or theoretical background than it can be achieved in any(prenominal) individual empirical study 17, 18. Quantitative research is described by some as a quick fix, it involves very little or no contact with the field or people 19, 20.Method which I will useBeing an engineer I shall use quantitative research method in my research project because it will be carried out in a controlled environment i.e. it will be experimental. found upon the test results I will validate my hypothesis and further statistical analysis will be conducted. (Insha Allah)Refrences1 Haegeman, K., et al. (2013). Quantitative and qualitative approaches in Future-orientedengineering Analysis (FTA) From combination to integration? Technological Forecastingand Social variegate 80(3) 386-397.2 Richard Tewksbury (2009). Qualitative versus Quantitative Methods Understanding WhyQualitative Methods are superlative for Criminology and Criminal Justice Journal ofTheoretical and Philosophical Criminology, Vol 1 (1).3 McMillan, J. H., Schumacher, S. (2009). Research in education Pearson Education.4 Neuman, W. L. (2005). Social research methods Quantitative and qualitative approachesAllyn and Bacon.5 http//statistics.about.com/od/HelpandTutorials/a/How-To-Conduct-A-Hypothesis-Test.htm6 Berenson, M. L. (1998). Basic business statistics C oncepts and applications Prentice HallPTR.7 Bryman, A., Cramer, D. (2005). Quantitative data analysis with SPSS 12 and 13 A guidefor social scientist. Routledge.8 De Veaux, R. D., Velleman, P. F., Bock, D. E. (2009). Stats Pearson, Addison-Wesley.9 Teddlie, C., Tashakkori, A. (2008). Foundations of complex methods research Integratingquantitative and qualitative approaches in the social and behavioural sciences. SAGEPublications, Incorporated.10 Ann Lewins and Cristina Silver (2009). QUIC-Qualitative innovations in CAQDUS 6thedition11 Rudolf. R. S, Eva. A. A (2012). Facilitating the interaction between theory and data inqualitative research using CAQDAS Sage Publications, 109-13112 Linnea L. Rademaker, Elizabeth J. Grace, and Stephen K. Curda (2012). Using Computer-assisted Qualitative Data Analysis Software (CAQDAS) to Re-examine TraditionallyAnalyzed Data Expanding our Understanding of the Data and of Ourselves as ScholarsThe Qualitative Report 2012 Volume 17, Article 43, 1-1 113 Sinkovics, Rudolf R. and Eva A. Alfoldi (2012), Facilitating the interaction betweentheory and data in qualitative research using CAQDAS, in Qualitative organizationalresearch Core methods and current challenges, Gillian Symon and Catherine Cassell (Eds.).London Sage Publications, 109-131.14 GarcaHorta, J. B., GuerraRamos, M. T. (2009). The use of CAQDAS in educationalresearch some advantages, limitations and potential risks. global Journal of Research Method in Education, 32(2), 151-165.15 Margarete Sandelowski (2000). Focus on Research Methods Whatever Happened toQualitative Description? Research in Nursing Health, 2000, 23, 334-34016 Denis Walsh, Soo Downe (2005). measure the quality of qualitative researchMidwifery (2006) 22, 108-119.17 Rona Campbell, et al. (2003). Evaluating meta-ethnography a synthesis of qualitativeresearch on lay experiences of diabetes and diabetes care Social Science euphony 56,671-684.18 Winter, G. (2000). A comparative discussion of the notion of validity in qualitative andquantitative research. The Qualitative Report 4(3) 4.19 Williams, F., Monge, P. R. (2001). Reasoning with statistics How to read quantitativeresearch (pp. 127-141). London Harcourt College Publishers.20 Bryman, A. (2006). Integrating quantitative and qualitative research how is it done?Qualitative research, 6(1), 97-113.

Case Study Market Entry Modes Marketing Essay

Case Study commercialize Entry fashions Marketing Essay groundingOne of the larger-than-lifegest realities of our lives is the occurrence that we ar alive in a ground were the walls of our homes, virtually, no long-run exist. We live in an open, interdependent and interconnected world, where living in isolation and maintaining privacy is no longer possible. Globalization, lifting of trade barriers, rotation in information technology and m all an opposite(prenominal) factors has brought mass adjacent than ever in the history before. Quite reasonably, globalization had a vast impact at the corporate world as well. Even if companies want, they fuelnot incorporate themselves into their domestic food securities industrys since the desire to grow and grow constantly render do them obsessed with international expansions. Consider these examples. Exxon Mobil is an American degraded, which receives more than 75 contribution of their yearly r regularues from operations in symmetricalness of the world. Finnish employees no longer form the majority at Nokias head quarter, which is a Fin get d experience based corporation surprisingly, employees from China and India dominate the numbers. Honda, a Japanese automobile maker, has its biggest production full treatment in Ohio. 3M would lose more than 53% of its revenues if the American governance asks them to trap their operations within the United States (Johnson Turner, 2009). ford would find itself in big trouble if at that place were some disturbance in America-Brazil relations beca function Ford manufactures nigh of its cars in Brazil. BMW like a shotly finds itself affected with any changes in the parsimoniousness of South Africa or India because of the presence of its manufacturing plants there. McDonalds earns 63 percent of its income from operations outdoors the United States of America (David, 2010). on that pointfore, the point here is more and more companies, e realday, be trying to step-up their scope of operations in legal injury of geographical marts. However, in the process of expanding globally, one of the more or less important decisions that unwaveringlys have to assure is deciding on the foodstuff accession regularity. Quite reasonably, deciding on the market founding mode is important because it is the base on which consist of the operations would be conducted throughout the life of that expansion. Since there are variable directs of authority, risk, involvement, nature of competition, decoratement and market costs, speed of entry and pro outburst electromotive force in each option, therefore, the decision for the equal has to be made afterward great thought, decision, analysis, market research and debate.This paper is an attempt to explore, analyze and establish these polar modes of entries in contradictory markets, looking at their profits and disadvantages and opera hat fit situations. The remaining portion of the paper wou ld try to bring the previously mentioned concepts in pract rubbish by shedding some light on the best-fit market entry mode for an automobile firm in Czech republic.Market Entry ModesEven a glance at the literature gettable on international marketing and specifically market entry modes and strategies would key out that there are differences between authors and management experts on how they group these modes and strategies. Furthermore, as the time passes and market place becomes more competitive, firms are trying to use new, complex and innovative entry strategies. However, important here to personal credit line is that the to a lower placelying head or the basic concept is the identical. Therefore, in light of the most of the material present on this topic, market entry modes can slackly be grouped into four categories, which are trade, licensing/franchising, adjunction adventures/ strategical alliances and all-encompassing birthership/direct entry (Onkvisit Shaw, 2008). tradeOne of the oldest, well-established and traditional forms of entry in any unconnected market is through trade. According to its definition, exporting is the process of selling goods and services flummoxd in one state to divers(a) other countries. As mentioned earlier, there are umpteen right smarts in which marketers divide and classify exporting mode. One-way of doing the analogous is classifying it as nonchalant exporting and active exporting. Occasional exporting is a passive way of exporting with low take of involvement in the process. The company decides to export from time to time, when needed, demanded or whenever, it appears feasible to the company. However, with active exporting the company actively engages in the process and scoops on the responsibility to export throughout the year. However, a more acceptable and superior way of classifying them is in groups of direct exporting and indirect exporting (Johnson Turner, 2009).Indirect ExportingAmong st all the possible market entry modes, indirect exporting is the way that offers minimal risk, minimal level of involvement, however, at the same time, the shines or profit potential too trunk low. Most companies that would want to entry in the market in any form would initially test the waters with indirect exporting. The whole idea of indirect exporting is to sell goods with intermediaries in between which can take the responsibility of dealing with the company and the rest of people. For example, domestic based export merchants, who buy the products of the company and prehend the responsibility of taking care of the rest of the deal. Domestic based export agents try to deal with foreign purchases and in counter, they are paid a commission. Cooperative organizations, which are usually under public sector, governmental or administrative control would deal with foreign purchasers on behalf of many a(prenominal) exporters. Lastly, there are export management companies as well which would manage the companys exports in retrogress for a fee or a small share in the profits (Onkvisit Shaw, 2008). reign ExportingOnce they have gained experience, many firms try to jump into the arena of direct exporting by eliminating all the intermediaries and dealing directly with the final purchasers. disrespect the fact that exporting in general, is the last-place risk, lowest control and lowest involvement option available in all strategies, yet relatively with indirect exporting, it increases the risk, control and involvement. Companies are now own their own to transform their purchases, contact them, negotiate with them, understand their culture and needs, unsaid and unheard signals and others. Companies whitethorn end up mistakes in the same if they do not have the expertise, knowledge and experience however, it is tempting because careful execution may increase the profit potential. Firms may also have to develop an overseas sales force, travelling export sales representatives, overseas sales branch or subsidiary, foreign-based distributors or agents, set of international contacts or an export department but to look after the exports of the company (Johnson Turner, 2009).Contractual ModeWhen firms try to assume more responsibility, want to take higher(prenominal) risks and control in return for high returns they try to unload into contractual agreements with others for their entry in the foreign market. Since comparatively with all other methods, the responsibility is low, therefore, it is also regarded another troublefree and simplistic method. Following are dissimilar variations of the contractual mode (Hollensen, 2009).LicensingThe licensor simply issues a license to a foreign company so that the company can gain access or use the selling rights of the product, trademark, patent, trade secret, and manufacturing process. The same is done in exchange of a fixed fee, certain percentage of profit margin, or royalty. It aims at creatin g a win-win situation for both the companions since the licensor gains entry in the market for a very unretentive risk and level of involvement and the licensee gains the rights to use or sell the product for a little fee.Management ContractsFirms like Hyatt and Marriot sell management contracts to foreign hotel owners to run their hotels in the name of their companys brand for a fee. In fact, the company may even assure to buy some stake in the assets of the foreign hotels as well (David, 2010).Contract ManufacturingAs the name suggests, when exporting seems to be an dearly-won option, the company would hire a local manufacturer and ask him to startle the production on behalf of the company.FranchisingAnother very common form of contractual agreements is franchising. For example, KFC has franchised its operations in Pakistan to a Dubai based company name Cupola that runs its businesses in Pakistan in exchange for a share in the profits. KFC has offered Cupola concluded control over using the brand, inventories, and raw materials and in return, Cupola is taking the responsibility of operating(a) all the franchises (Johnson Turner, 2009). However, in case of an incompetent franchisee or licensee, the company may find damage and destruction to its brand name. Furthermore, if appropriate legal wrong and conditions are not defined, whence the contractual partner may break through as a competitor either in the domestic market of the company or, when the company decides to end the contract and enter in the market by itself. Furthermore, important here to note is that contractual agreements are the best way when the company is looking for comprising on their profit margins in return on low level of hassle, control, involvement and investment (Cateora Graham, 2007).Joint Ventures / Strategic AlliancesConsider these examples. Ready to drink tea and coffee, which is currently being interchange in huge inwardnesss in Japan, is a result of collapset venture b etween Nestle and Coca Cola. In order to become a dim ant force in selling baby diapers in Italy and United Kingdom, Procter Gamble and Fater, which are rivals in the rest of the world, decided to join their hands and work together. When Unilever wanted to enter in the Chinese ice cream market, it has no choice but to work together with Sumstar, a public sector Chinese company (Shenkar Luo, 2008). As evident from these examples, many players in the international market would use the method of occasion ventures in order to operate in different markets. There are several(a) reasons for the same. First, for many countries, joint venture may be the only mode of entry. Second, the company might lack the financial, intellectual, physical, managerial or other resources to start out the venture all alone. Third, merger of two firms may offer them the line up to put out as the market leader in that market (Lymbersky, 2008).However, there are many problems with joint ventures at the sa me time, which need to be addressed in order to make sure that the ventures are successful. First, firms often find themselves fighting over the use of retained earnings, a partner may believe it should be reinvested, other may think that it should be used to pay more dividends. Second, cultural problems always arise when firms from different cultures are trying to work together. Pre-requisite knowledge most other cultures is extremely important. Third, the partners may not be able to trust each other in terms of using and sharing important internal information. Fourth, problems also arise when a partner tries to end the joint venture since terms of the same have not been decided yet. Fifth, partners always try to condition that their own competitive, bargaining and negotiative position could be strengthened, at times by putting the joint venture at stake.It is also important to note that as compared to the modes of exporting and contracts, joint ventures allow the firm to exerc ise greater control, earn more profits in return for more risk, higher investment and higher level of involvement (Czinkota, et.al., 2010).Full AcquisitionLastly, the most way, which offers the maximal possible control, maximum profit potential, maximum level of involvement, requires maximum investment and which is the most risky is full direct acquisition. Quite clearly, the firm decides not to merge or collaborate with anyone or accept any intermediaries in between but to do it on your very own. There are various modes of entering any market directly. A firm may decide to buy and set up his very own new planet, right from scratch. It is also known as green discipline investment. The way would be in which the firm may decide to pull ahead the resources, name and operations of any existing company in the market. Direct investment is a decision taken in situations when the market appears to be big enough to offer advantages of economies of scale, government and other stake consecr ateers are very friendly, the market is huge enough that saturating point would come after many years and until then the profit potential or the ROI is high or the company is sure that it has or it would be able to have to good, genial and friendly image in the realm. Again, important here is to note the fact that high returns which this mode of entry offers is only and only in return of the high risk that the mode incorporates (Wagner, 2009).Example of Czech democracyAs mentioned in the introductory phase of the paper, that now the paper would use the Czech Republics self-propelled industry as an example to apply the concepts presented above.Czech Republic and its Automotive IndustrySurrounded by Po go through, Germany, Slovakia and Austria, Czech Republic is land locked country located in the central Europe. The country came into being in 1993 and since then it has been a member of NATO, OCED and EU. With high incomes, gross domestic product per Capita, stable economic growth and overall better economic outlook, Czech Republic is a developed country, which has attracted many investors over the years (OCED, 2010).The automotive industry of Czech Republic is one of the most important sectors of the Czech preservation where it has witnessed a lot of foreign investment. expertly advance foot, high incomes, stable parsimoniousness and changing consumer preferences guesss that the industry offers some serious prospects fro growth. Currently Skoda is tether the automotive industry of Czech Republic (Pavlnek, 2008).Best Entry Mode and JustificationsPolitical and Legal Factors It is mainly due to favorable political-legal macro environmental factors that it joint ventures appear to be more feasible as compared to licensing or exporting. Firstly, the government of Czech Republic is extremely enthusiastic and serious roughly increasing and encouraging foreign investors to enter the Czech market and invest in it. Therefore, the government offers various inc entives, which include corporate income tax relief, melody creation grants, training grants, transfer of land on discounted rates, discounts of purchasing land for businesses and others. Secondly, the government is taking all possible steps for improving the infrastructure in the country, which will further increase the demand for automobiles in the country. Third, the government of Czech Republic is also considering adopting Euro by the 2013-2014 (OCED, 2010).Economic Factors Czech Republic is high-income country and one of most developed and industrialized countries of European Union. invariable Economy, healthy inflation rates and ranks 26th in the world in terms of GDP per capita, Czech Republic has a strong banking system. Furthermore, it has been graded high on the factor ease of doing business. Despite the fact the economy shrinked due to the current crisis with negative GDP growth rates, but the country has plans for even more aggressive growth as the economy recovers in order to make up for the lost growth in the recession. Therefore, the country offers many prospects of growth (OCED, 2010).Social Factors Unlike other European countries, 71 percent of the Czech Population is the age bracket of 15-64 years. Since these are the people who are the prospective buyers of automobiles, there are chances of extensive growth (OCED, 2010).Technological Factors Czech Republic has been ranked as the 4th country in world in terms of attractiveness for automotive research. Furthermore, the country has a huge pool of skilled labour, both in managerial and adept fields. The country has high level of IT spending which is around 3.2 percent of the GDP when the EU average is around 2.72 percent (Czinkota, et.al., 2010).Rivalry -Another reason for the same is due to high rivalry amongst the current players in the industry. Players like Skoda, Fait, Toyota, Ford, Citron, Renault and others are almost balanced with each other, which fuels the rivalry. However, if a competitor of considerable, even prevail financial and technological strength decides to enter with a joint venture, then it would disturb this balance of the industry by making the partnership emerge as the biggest firm of the industry. Quite understandably, the same would help in decrease the threat of rivalry in the market (Czech Invest, 2009).Economies of Scale Without any doubts, automotive industry is one those where historically, firms have always tried to rake advantage of economies of scale by large-scale production. However, presence of many players and their own different production houses means that none of the player has been able to take complete advantage of it. However, with a joint venture, both the companies would be able to produce together and produce more, thus reaping the benefits of economies of scale (Pavlnek, 2008).Cost of entry unveiling in any automotive industry of the world requires considerable amount of investments as compared to many other industr ies. Moreover, with increasing investment, increases the overall risk in operations as well. Therefore, it is advisable to get to establish partnership with other firms so that the cost of entry could be reduced and at the same time, substantial level of control over the operations could be gained as well (Czech Invest, 2009).Access to scattering channels Distribution channels hold immense importance for any industry, however, for automotive industry marketing and distribution channels are of above average importance. Customers are greatly influenced by the distributors, therefore, access and partnerships with them is really important. However, presence of well-established existing players means that any firm, which tries to enter directly the automotive industry, would have to face a tough time, at least in its initial days, for getting access to the distribution channels. Joint venture with an already established partner in the market would mean that the firm would not have to p ut considerable amount of elan vital in this regard (Pavlnek, 2008).Cultural barriers Quite reasonably, Czech Republic has its own culture, which has not been researched very much since it has been less than two decades since it became an independent country. any(prenominal) new entrant in the market would face cultural barriers, however, with joint venture, the player which is already working in the market and has know about he dynamics of consumer behaviours and market conditions would offer substantial help in overcoming this barrier.

The Image Of Asylum Seekers Social Work Essay

The Im succession Of Asylum Seekers mixer Work EssayUnaccompanied bema seeking baberen (UASC) be amongst the discriminated and laden mixer groups in the UK .They be defenceless but this is not always well matched with their access to operates (Kohli and Mitchell, 2007) and they atomic number 18 just children in motif (Howarth 2001).This essay shall explore some aspects of variety that affect them, the legislative and insurance context in which contrariety is located and how organised musical arrangements in policy and constabulary attempt to address this naturalism. Reference shall be made to subscribe implements from unaccompanied safety seeking children and also link their experiences to those of the broader asylum seekers ho accustomhold in order to establish the prospects of equality in the context of amicable services keep. unrivaled of the centerfield elements in the effective back up of vulnerable hatful is to treat every soul /child/adult as an in dividual. In this grammatical case, each child has their own narrative which essential be looked at holistically in order to create necessary die hard structures which would generalization the necessary benefit commissariat for the individual to be safeguarded and gestateed by their crisis. Hynes (2011) argues that asylum seekers argon far removed from the perception of macrocosm median(a) people.Instead, they continue to experience extraordinary circumstances in the UK, with the common experience of being socially excluded and with little opportunity for these experiences to be understood (Hynes 2011p.42).Kohli (2007) reiterates that in guidance for plumping with this vulnerable group, the dominant theme must be one of seeing them as children in need first and as asylum claimants later. UASCs extraordinary experiences cut crosswise all establishmentts of life story, across time, across continents, access to services, by dint of detention, lack of adequate surviveive information, langu get along with barriers, gnarly procedures and negative social labels.The term unaccompanied asylum-seeking children is used to describe individuals who find in the UK under the age of 18, with protrude a p atomic number 18nt or opposite adult relative or guardian who is prep bed to take accountability for them, and who make an application for asylum in their own secure (United Nations senior high teach Commission for Refugees (UNHCR,1994)Home Office (2012) figures issued show that In 2011, 6% (1,277) of principal(prenominal) appli put upts were UASC. Almost a third (30%) of UASC applications were made by male nationals of Afghanistan and general 82% (1,049) of applications were from male appli preemptts. UASC annual applications continue to supervene and fell by 26% between 2010 (1,717 applications) and 2011. This decreasing trend has been influenced by falling applications from nationals of Afghanistan. at that place are direct drivers of the migration of unaccompanied minors like war and genteel unrest, rape and torture which rise beyond the economic argument that is very much multi-colored by the media.Where UK born children are case-hardened and understood as innocent, UASC are defined by their immigration status and suspicion (Kvittingen, 2012, Sales, 2007). Its super difficult for UASC to navigate through the remains of immigration to welfare. In the equivalent surround thither are two forces at consort, social dally practice versus political and economic environment. The initial hurdle is the immigration wait on which is repressing and controlling. An sheath would be that of the age assessment dish up. Cemlyn Briskman (2003) argue that there are limited resources for social work teams which inevitably shrink the resources with which the social proletarians dedicate at their disposal. The unfair bring outcome includes high % of age disputes that practically exclude UASC from the welfare provision under the Children perform 1989, Section 20 for looked after children. From such processes, difference in discussion emerges and secernment and burdensomeness are experienced.Discrimination and repressionThompson (2012) characterises favouritism as a process where difference is identified and the difference becomes the tail end of unfair treatment (Thompson 20127) Experiences resulting from such treatment locate the individual in a disadvantaged position. Thompson adds that this discrimination then becomes a source of oppression. The process of identifying some people as different and when they receive inhuman or degrading treatment is that constitute moment which social work practice must stand and gainsay (Thompson 2012). Discrimination is therefore understood in its sociological, political and psychological contexts (Thompson 2012) by centrally con billetring inherent power dynamics between the vulnerable asylum seeking child and the service provider located at the pith of welfar e distribution and cathexis.From arrival, UASC must be understood as children in search of safety, as individuals with positive ambitions and as individuals in need of substantiate (Kohli 2007). The social work preventive process has been implicated for being tyrannous by Humphries (2004)Social work has been drawn into implementing racist policy initiatives whilst maintaining its unreflective, self-importance deceiving anti-oppressive belief systems (p95)It is always important to realise that whilst there is great vehemence on good practice as anti- prejudiced practice, The relationship is a divalent edged one, consisting of elements of care and control. It is double edged in the sense that it can lead to either empowerment or potential oppression. The state through its machinery can control people to the extent that they become discriminated and oppressed. Social work interventions can help or hinder, empower or oppress (Thompson 20128). in that location are inherent power dynamics in operation, with the UASC occupying the weak poverty-stricken position versus the state and its range of oppressive machinery. Moral obligations rather than differences must take precedence in the provision of services. There are many levels at which the difference of UASC are inured differently. Khohli (2007) argues that there have been numerous concerns raised regarding shortfalls in the areas of education, health provision and immigration practices and how social work policies reinforce these disparities.There are socially constructed perceptions and structural determinants in the discrimination and oppression of UASC worth looking at .Thompsons forge of understanding how inequalities and discrimination feature in peoples lives within their interactions by way of a PCS sit around (Thompson 2012) which emphasises on the Personal, Cultural and Structural determinants and levels at which discrimination operates. From the moment that the children get in UK they are b ombarded with administrative processes that are complex, processes that include age assessment, and face a restrictive immigration system which stands as an enormous wall potentially blocking their access to welfare. Crawley (2007) argues that all these processes are more focussed on border control than on welfare provision.Part of the bring out procedure on entry for welfare provision is the age assessment, this is carried out by social workers and the determination on the assessment can view the UASCs life. Age assessments are not always accurate and there are medical error margins of up to 5 years either side (Lenvenson Sharma 2004). Suspicion, doubt, lack of trust and general prejudice about asylum seekers is a reality that the media has successfully propelled. Thomas, (Guardian, 2012) British Red Cross head of orthogonal relations proved that the public perception of asylum seekers is primarily painted as scroungers. Professionals must domiciliate UASC without such prejudi ces and the social constructions which hinder the vicissitude agenda and structural tools which are designed to fail these children must be abandoned and these children must be seen as children first.Collett (2004) argues that social workers are progressively drawn into the dirty work of social policy, where we reinforce the oppressions that we should be intriguing (200488).Humphries (2004)adds that the role of social work has shifted towards control, restriction, surveillance and ultimately excommunication. There has been a gravitational shift of social workers into pseudo immigration officials. The cost of which has been the release of the humanistic, companionship and welfare element which are core in cultural tolerance and diversity in social work practice.Besides the systems restrictive nature, the asylum process is stressful for children who have just escaped a traumatic past in the hope of finding help and have (Kohli, 2007). There is sufficient evidence examined regar ding the ever shifting goal posts system for asylum seekers intended to squeeze them out and deter application influxes. An example is UASCs housing needs processing which reinforces the differences between UK born children where some UASC are being housed in hostels where there is evidence of low level support and detachment. UASC are often sacrificed through fast track housing provisions as demonstrated in Solihull where Wellman (2011) argues that teenage asylum seekers were to be treated less favourably than local children under plans by Solihull Council to fast-track them from foster care into supported housing.Watters (2008) examines the position of unaccompanied asylum seeking children in the UK tracing their experiences from ports of entry and highlights that safety and security are key aspirations for these children in an environment that is not hostile, a place to call home and enjoy life as a child. There is a pervasive culture of hesitation among immigration and welfare institutions in receiving countries (Watters 200871) of UASC. It is important to understand their pre-departure experiences. Against this background of aspirations reality is often different, the wel glide slope description at pre-departure often vanished as children approach a stark reality of having no food, no money and oftentimes unable to speak the language. More so, there is often lack of support during the early parts of the asylum screening interview, yet this later forms the basis of whether the application is successful or not (Watters 2008).Being a noncitizen in the UK must be understood as a case that has a host of attachments to it, some often face multiple discriminations e.g. subdued asylum seeking children could lead to being racially maltreated in communities/context of where they are accommodated after care. This perpetuates the cycle of social exclusion and discrimination. Thompsons PCS model would here be referred to in the context of how communitys social construction and media embrace UASC and resultant repulsive treatment.According to the guinea pig Society for the Prevention of abrasiveness to Children (NSPCC 2012), UASC often find the situations exacerbating their social category of oppression and discrimination in that the conditions in immigration screening centres are not child-friendly. a great deal there is very little or no knowledge and a lack of understanding about the specific issues relating to child-specific forms of persecution because of the remoteness of where they are coming from. An Independent Guardian in this case would help in establishing support bases for the late people and to be a disclosure point. It is difficult for young person people to share their innermost life story to strangers, communication depends super on relationship and having this support relationship helps the young peoples presentation of their case (NSPCC).UASCs transition into adulthood has another host of challenges in which they need support to be ready ample for life on their own .The NSPCC argues that the National Asylum Support System (NASS) prevents vulnerable children from falling through the meshing (NSPCC). If there is lack of support, then the outcome can either be their disappearance or exploitation. This means that it is of paramount importance to extend the support so that the system cushions the young people rather than leaving them to fall into uncertainty where poverty, social exclusion, discrimination and oppression can take over. whatsoever failing by the state through its range of support machinery for young people would perpetuate the cycle of poverty and the oppression of UASC.In cases where age assessment determines the UASC as over 18, this leads to detention where their treatment transforms to that of an adult and welfare support deficit is experienced. NSPCC has an example in the stories of two boys in stir with one Young Peoples Centres. The boys had their age disputed for more t han a year. One of these boys was placed in National Asylum Support Service (NASS) alteration. He was a vulnerable child, yet he was placed in wild fitting with adults. Neither of the boys was able to receive support from the local authorization and as such their safeguarding and emotional wellbeing needs were not met (NSPCC). such an experience affects the child, and as this essay has argued, its because of structural reasons, tools and processes that not always accurately capture the reality of children and their lives, this affects service provision. Fast tracking this contested age category for housing can be counterproductive and oppressive as it fails to account for the individual childs needs.The dispersal model applied in the UK for asylum seekers extends the idea of what Carter and El-Hassan (200310-11) term institutionalised seclusion. Hynes (2011) describes the dispersal situation as amongst and between, in a country but outside mainstream society. The incremental e xclusion of asylum seekers through this method has been patterned through the service assignation system saliently eroding the individual rights of asylum seekers who receive support as a homogenous group in chosen isolated locations.Overall, the system is a deterrent immigration strategy. Hynes (2011) adds that ,The exclusion of asylum seekers from ordinary funding patterns through exclusionary practices and the inability to restore normal routines during the dispersal process meant that they busy luminal spaces (p.178). The same can be applied to children who are allocated accommodation in areas where there are few or no support services for them. Dispersal without considering the welfare and interests of the child is administratively and structurally discriminatory safeguarding the children should still remain a core element in the childs service provision considerations as part of aftercare support.Part of the systemic discrimination is a result of limited training for social workers which makes it appear as if UASC are difficult to reach, when in actual circumstance it is a group that is flourishing to ignore At community level UASC are viewed with disgust, racist maltreatment and educational underperformance. At school, Rutter argues that central government needs to acknowledge school childrens under-achievement also has causes that lie outside the school (Rutter 2006208)Legal exemplar for UASCIn order to protect the rights of the UASC and be professionally consistent, they must be treated as children first and foremost and the Childrens morsel 1989 becomes relevant. Of importance from The Children Act 1989 are clauses stating that the welfare of children must be the paramount consideration when the courts are qualification decisions about them and local authorities are charged with duties to identify children in need and to safeguard and promote their welfare. Also importantly stated is the fact that delays in deciding questions concerning child ren are likely to prejudice their welfare. Local authority must provide welfare by seeing UASC as children first. This law provides a safety net for all children within the UK borders. The conflict emerges where immigration law meets childrens rights legislation and a radical shift emerges emphasising more on controlling borders than welfare provision (Fell, Hayes, 2007).UASC must be assessed by the Framework for the assessment of children in need and their families and accommodated under Section 20 of the Children Act 1989 (NSPCC). As a result of lack of clarity on childrens gettable support, some children have been placed in bed and breakfast accommodation without support, mixing with adults whose criminal history is often not held. This exposes the vulnerable children to abuse and exploitation. Such a system again demonstrates how structural procedures discriminate and oppress UASC. The semi-independent living election is also not a better option for those just over 16. Thei r vulnerability levels are high and support is super needed to safeguard them in their development and transition into adulthood.The Human Rights Act is a guiding legal framework applied in the UK and is core to how UASC in particular and refugees in general are supported. Asylum seekers are to be treated as individuals with rights namely the Right to life, granting immunity from torture, Freedom from slavery, Right to a fair trial, Freedom of speech and Freedom of thought, sense of right and wrong and religion.The Human Rights law is a universal safeguard and UASC can be protected from discrimination by its application. In a study carried out by the Independent Asylum Commission, Sir Waite said,The overuse of detention, the scale of destitution and the badness of removals are all areas which need attention before the system can be described as fit for purpose. The detention of asylum seekers is overused, oppressive and an unnecessary burden on the taxpayer, and the detention of children wholly unjustified. Dawar (2008) The guardianIts only by appealing to law that such progressive challenges can be made.The NSPCC (2012) campaigns and supports these children on the basis of equality arguing that the guard and welfare of asylum-seeking and refugee children is the same as that afforded to other children. The Childrens rights must be considered as core elements in the planning, assessment and service provision for this vulnerable group considering the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child particularly instruments for the right to maximum survival and development ,the right to identity ,the right to family unity and the right to participate .The right to protection from all forms of violence, injury, abuse, neglect or exploitation as well as the right to special assistance if the child is deprived of their family .The right to be protected from economic exploitation and the right to protection from violence, abuse, exploitation, trafficking is only realisable where the UASC are supported fully without falling through the safety net. Issues around the limitation of detention as a measure of last resort are important in working with UASC. The duty of the government to take measures to discover that child victims of armed conflict, torture, neglect or exploitation receive treatment for recovery and social integration is important as part of the remedial support necessary for their wellbeing.Policy and Practice guidances on working with UASCBy use of legislation and practice guidances, UASC can be safeguarded and supported. Instead of describing them as UASCs these young people view themselves as (and justly so) footballers doctors teachers president. They are pushy and determined to live outside this discriminatory environment and label. Payne (2005) argues that, Some people dislike being called minority or oppressed groups, or being associated with any groups at all. Sometime because it might imply being seen as a victi m of categorisation, which the person does not accept (2005289).ConclusionPractical, political and procedural realities are scattered on the social workers professional pathway. Kohli (2007) rightly paints the complexity of being an UASC and being a social worker in the UK. The needs of vulnerable UASC remain a stark reality, leaves the social worker on the margins by either not being good enough or being too harsh (Kohli 2007). A young person from Glasgow said Home is home if it was better there I would have stayed. Understanding UASC past, building relationships with them in humane ways and safeguarding them by use of law can enhance anti-oppressive practice. This can be the basis for contest discrimination of this vulnerable child group. Social workers cannot achieve this alone, voluntary firmament agencies like the Refugee Council and NSPCC can work in partnership with the UKBA to set intervention strategies for this vulnerable group with the care and sensitivity due for any child in need in UK.

Rape in American Slavery System During the Antebellum

foil in the Statesn slavery System During the AntebellumIntroductionThe starting African buckle d proclaims arrived in Virginia, North America in 1619. As the plantations of the antebellum in the southern flourished, the African hard worker trade gained mowork forcetum. (Slavery in the ante-bellum South). Between the 16 and 19th centuries, America had an estimated 12 million African hard workers (Slavery in the get together States). En hard workerment of the African Americans form each(prenominal)y commenced in the 1630s and 1640s. By 1740, colonial America had a to the full developed bondage system in place, granting hard worker owners an out-and-out(a) and tyrannical liveliness-and-death authority all over their slaves or chattels and their children. (Slavery in the linked States) Stripped of any identity or properlys, enslaved dark-skinned slaves were considered statutory non- soulfulnesss, except in the rasetidet of a crime committed (Slavery in the ante-bell um South).Documents and research on the slave season in the antebellum south are awash with horror stories of the brutal and inhuman treatment of slaves, especi onlyy women. ( David Brion Davis and Eugene Genovese,- Slavery in the unite States-Treatment). Considered properties by their know, enslaved vague women endured continual physiological and emotional ab engagement, versed violations, torture, and sometimes sluice death. (Susanne Scholz )This research paper takes up the issue of how rapine in the American thraldom system during the antebellum south affected the African American society, and attempts to answer the following perplexitysHow intimate violence affected slave family vivification and their behavior?By the 1800s, thraldom had percolated down mainly to the antebellum south (Africans in America). Whilst a ratified age of these slaves were designated as field servants performing duties outside the house, a smaller percentage, peculiarly women were employed as domestic helps or house servants, mammies and surrogate draws. Owners in general enforce their placement as property owners by callous methods (Africans in America).many first person accounts (Harriet A Jacobs) and other data on tap(predicate), beneathscore the rampant(ip) sexual maturation of African women slaves. In the absence of any safeguards, with practice of laws granting owners move powers over their slaves, these women in bondage were habitually ravished, harassed, sexually stalked and use as long term concubines non only by their know, just by the owners families and friends as well. Slave men, for their part, were rendered feeble to challenge or intervene, as to do so would mean sure death or sales dismantlet to distant plantations (Africans in America). Progeny or mulattos resulting from much(prenominal) rapes were likewise considered slaves, unless guiltlessd by the owner. (Historian Eugene Genovese -Slavery in the joined States).As masters util ise their modeling to the domestic purport of the slave quarter, slaves struggled to maintain the integrity of their families. Slaveholders had no levelheaded obligation to respect the sanctity of the slaves marriage bed, and slave women- married or single had no formal breastplate against their owners sexual advances. Without legal defendion and subject to the masters whim, the slave family was always at risk.(slavery in the matchd states treatment rapes of fe phallics )However, in kind of a few documented cases, enslaved unforgiving women worked as devoted loyal servants, as mammies and surrogate mothers for egg white children demonstrating the absence of oppression and bonds of affection that actually united the two races.Blassingame,* underlines the fact that slave parents tried to shield their young from the brutal realities of the plantation. They oft dissuaded angry urges among the children, which generally arose after their first whipping, from seeking revenge or running away. Children a good deal internalized the two contradictory behavior responses of their parents one submissive in straw man of the owner, the other castigating their owners action in hugger-mugger. They understood that submissiveness was a way to invalidate punishment, but the true behavior model emulated was the one they witnessed in private. The family was an consequential survival mechanism, for no matter how a good deal the family was broken, it enabled the slave to survive on the plantation without becoming totally submissive to or dependent on the master.Slaves often retaliated, subtly or overtly, to their inhuman treatment. They resorted to destroying crops or disabling machinery, retardation down work. Many stole food, livestock and valuables. Some committed self-annihilation or mutilated themselves to reduce their property value and some even murdered their masters, by the use of weapons or poison (Africans in America).Furthermore, slave parents were alike concerned about the owners interference in their private lives. southerly law defined slaves as moveable property or chattel. a great deal buying, selling and trading slaves, owners habitually split families, frequently taking children from their mothers. Slaves were often barrenmailed with such(prenominal) treatment if they ref employ to work or if the women repulsed the advances of their masters (organization of American historians -Family purport in the slave quarters survival strategies- Marie jenkin Scwartz)How were the masters able to finagle significant control and power, over their black mistressA Virginia law declared slaves to be chattel ain in the hands of their owners and possessors for all intents, construction, and purpose whatsoever (African American History by Henry Drewry). It suffer their total ownership and remediate over their slaves particularly the womenfolk. As absolute property of their owners, enslaved black women were thus uprooted their home s and families and to succeed with every physical and sexual whim of the master. They had to learn to be totally submissive to the master, in headland and body. Sexual abuse could be in the form of sexual irresistible impulse to forced breeding for profit. Refusal of sexual overtures met with physical and emotional abuse and often the sale of a family member to distant farms, never to be seen again. She had no safeguard or refuge as the law regarded rape as a mere trespassing of property. Developing relations with fellow slaves, men and women, proved difficult as she or her friends could be deported or sell to a nonher property at any given time. any(prenominal) challenges by the male slaves to such sexual exploitation could mean an end to their own lives ( sustenance of a woman on a plantation- an try out Berkin).First person accounts of two slave girls, Harriet A Jacobs and Cecil (Harriett a Jacobs An autobiography Incidents in the life of a slave girl 1861) (Essay on Sla very Celia a slave) substantiate this claim. Both female slaves of African descent articulated the pain and woe caused by the repeated sexual violation of their bodies and how they were held captive by their masters till they decided to take matters into their hands and escape their captors.Compelled to live under the same roof with a man forty years her senior, he daily violated her. Her misery seemed inescapable, for there was no law to protect her from the constant insults, violence or even death. She finally managed to escape and went into privacy for seven years, before she could flee to another place.Though loth(p) mistresses, these enslaved African women were often labeled as jezebels, innately promiscuous or even predatory by the white women. They were perceived to enjoy higher status and privileges than other slave women, but these privileges were tainted by the fact that they were forced into sexual submission (Africans in America). However, research based data indicate s that quite a few of these formed short term liaisons with their white owners for vested interests (southerly Mulattos Population) and, except others willingly maintained long-term relationships with their masters, begetting them children. Contemporary sociologist K Sue Jewell in her book describes Jezebel as a tragic mulatto indicating they formed the bulk of black women sold into prostitution. In a system termed placage, many such sluttish light-skinned women were willing mistresses to wealthy white southerners.(3)How did southern plantation owners use their powers not only to control their mistress but their children and even male slaves under their control?Slaves were at an utter disadvantage and powerless as they were designated legal properties of their owners. Authorized to use punitive measures, slave owners and their families deployed severe methods on the least pretext to ensure slave obedience (Slavery in the United States). A variety of objects and contraptions such as the more putting greenly used whip, shackles, chains, metal collars, knives, guns, field tools, forced walking on the treadmill and even hanging were used to quell any disobedience or rebellion. Reasons for punishments ranged from interruption a law like leaving the plantation without permission, running away, not following orders or slow work, often punishing them in preceding of others to make an example of them (Slavery in the United States). In fact, the law involve slave owners to mandatorily discipline recaptured runaway slaves or face fines. Owners similarly constantly blackmailed slaves with the threat of sale of their family members to distant plantations, never to be seen again.Enslaved blacks keep to be sexual pawns in the hands of their owners. Children that ensued from these actions were also treated as slaves as they took on the status of their mothers. (Slavery in the United States)Slave marriages were considered abominable and couples were frequently separa ted by sale. (The Slave Community plantation Life in the Antebellum South is a book pen by American Historian John W. Blassingame). It was unsafe for a slave couple to be residing on the same plantation. Nothing demonstrated the utter impotence of the husband as he watch the brutal whipping and rape of his wife and the sale of his children. He had no alternative but to comply with the exacts of his master.However, Blassingame also indicates that owners understood the need to encourage monogamous relationships a black man, they reasoned, who loved his wife and his children was less likely to be rebellious or to run away than would a single slave(The Slave Community Plantation Life in the Antebellum South is a book written by American Historian John W. Blassingame).Whilst some masters were compassionate, just about slaves knew that any error or crisis would take them to the auction block.Slave owners were also uncomfortable with the fact that slave children might question their authority and the legitimacy of the order, as they were reared to respect other authority figures like their parents (Organization of American historians -Family life in the slave quarters survival strategies- Marie Jenkin Scwartz). To subvert this, owners schematic rules and mean activities aimed at minimizing the importance of slave family life and emphasizing his position as the master. Many went to the extent of referring to their slaves as family members which gave them the right to interfere in their slaves private lives. To this end, they kept a keen watch on their slaves activities night and day, including such mundane matters as to what they ate, how they dressed and when they slept. They would often bribe the slave children or reward bad behavior with toys or gifts (Slavery in the United States)How did slavery laws and southern politic support the rights of slave owners to abuse their slavesEnslavement of the African Americans formally commenced in the 1630s and 1640s (Slavery in the polished war Era). Colonial courts and legislatures understandably affirmed that Africans impertinent their counterpart white indentured servants-would serve their masters for life and their slave status would be inherited by their children. A 1667 A Virginia act declared that Baptisme doth not alter the condition of the person as to his bondage or freedome. And By 1740 colonial America had a fully developed slavery system in place (Slavery in the Civil struggle Era). In fact in Virginia, after 1807, slaves were considered the chief immediate payment crop of their owners. Such legislation gave owners ultimate power over their slaves (Slavery in the United States).A law on partus in 1662 in Virginia indicated that children of an enslaved mother would automatically be slaves, even if the father was a freeborn white. This farther institutionalized the power relationships and freed the white men from any legal responsibility of either acknowledging or supporting thei r children, confining the scandal of illegitimate, mixed-race children to the slave quarters.In the 1860s, elite families, who formed a bulk of the shareholding families, influenced and shaped the political scenario of the land. frontmost amongst their common concerns was controlling and ensuring an adequate supply of slave tire out (Slavery in the civil war era) Legislation in the south was so designed as to protect the owners rights to their human chattels. Slave codes incorporated in these laws admitted, if grudgingly so, that slaves were human beings and not property like animals. However, these codes instituted many clauses to minimize the possible action of slave rebellion. The codes made it illegal for slaves to (a) educate themselves to read and write (b) to do church services without a white person, or (c) to testify in court against a white. Also, leaving their home plantation without a masters written pass was forbidden. Additional laws sought to restrict the possibil ity of manumission (the tone ending of ones slaves).Between 1810 and 1860, legislation in all Southern states restricted the right of slave owners to free their slaves, even in a will, as free blacks might inspire other slaves to rebel. As a consequence, most Southern states required that any such freed slave leave the state inside thirty days (Slavery in the Civil War Era). Authorities established slave patrols to enforce these codes. Locally organized bands of young white men, both slave owners and yeomen farmers patrolled the night checking that slaves were in indeed their quarters. These patrols shared a common desire to keep the black population in check (Slavery in the civil War Era)How the isolation of Plantation life in the south factor into the percentage of numbers of rape of black slaves.Although slavery was general throughout antebellum America, the 1830s saw a greater demand and tightness of African American slaves in the flourishing plantations of the antebellum sout h (Slavery in the civil war Era). Legislation of slavery in the southern states, unlike the north where there were free slaves, indicated that all slaves to be chattel personal in the hands of their owners and possessors for all intents, construction, and purpose whatsoever. (African American History). A black man could be whipped for no reason. He could be beaten, stripped or tortured for the entertainment of his master. A black woman could be sexually harassed, assaulted, beaten or raped at anytime without question.(Life of women in the plantation slavery leaven)As bonded laborers and property of their owners, slaves were confined to live and work on the plantations. authorization to go outside the premises was only by written bear from the master and severely punishable if disobeyed (Slavery in the Civil War Era). It served the owners three-fold purpose of labor exploitation and race control. Children and women were used as domestic help so as to not waste capable labor (Ber kin Life of women slaves on the plantation- an try Berkin, p. 62). Slave codes incorporated in the legal system restricted their movements and growth. They were not permitted an education, could not testify against a white or attend church services without one (Slavery in the United States). Authorities established slave patrols to enforce these codes. .( Slavery in the United States)In the absence of any safeguards and laws to protect them, enslaved African women were the strap victims of a system that designated and treated them as sole property of the owners. Of the data available and horrific first person accounts of two slave African Americans, women suffered the worst possible sexual violence and abuse (Berkin Life of women slaves on the plantation- an essay Berkin, p. 62). Her non-compliance resulted in severe physical and emotional punitive measures for herself and her spouse or the selling of a family member a child, spouse, parent or contiguous relative to a distant land never to be seen again. Any rebuttals to such sexual exploitation by the male slaves could result in death (Berkin Life of women slaves on the plantation- an essay Berkin, p. 62)).ConclusionThe antebellum era in America is strife with the slavery epoch which went contrary to the principles of the War of Independence. It is ironical that the very state, Virginia in which the American Declaration of Independence was signed, would be the first to legitimize slavery. African slaves first set foot in Virginia, America in 1619 with the arrival of captives sold by a Dutch to settlers in Jamestown. Considering their economic worth, particularly in the plantations in the antebellum south, their demand grew and spiraled over time up to the 1800s.(African American History). Colonial courts and legislatures had racialized slavery (Slavery in the United States)The first arm of legalization in 1662 stated that such Africans would be servants for life, and later in a 1667 another act declare d that Baptisme doth not alter the condition of the person as to his bondage or freedome. By 1740 a concrete legal slavery system in colonial America was in place. A Virginia law gave owners absolute right over their property stating that slaves were chattel personal in the hands of their owners and possessors for all intents, construction, and purpose whatsoever. (African American History).Legitimizing slavery gave owners sweeping powers of life and death over their slaves, particularly, the enslaved black women ((Berkin Life of women slaves on the plantation- an essay Berkin, p. 62). Slaves were brutally penalized and sometimes even murdered. Rape and sexual violence against enslaved black women was rampant and not considered a crime except for the fact that it represented trespassing on anothers property. Owners often resorted to severe punishment, physical and emotional, to reinforce submissive behavior, particularly against black slave women.Designated as property to their whi te owners, they lived with the constant reality of rape as is witnessed in the first person accounts of Harriet a Jacobs and Celia ((Berkin Life of women slaves on the plantation- an essay Berkin, p. 62). Habitually, raped, harassed, sexually stalked and used as long term concubines not only by their masters, but by the owners families and friends, these enslaved women lived in constant venerate of punishment either physically or emotional blackmail through separation when their loved ones and family members were sold to distant plantations, never to be seen again. (Africans in America) Laws accommodated the owners actions, classifying the resultant progeny as children of the mothers only, absolving the white father of any responsibility, unless they were freed by the owner.( Historian Eugene Genovese -Slavery in the United States)Though Black women were reluctant mistresses, they were termed as seducers called, Jezebels However, there is evidence to suggest that some enslaved bla ck mistresses had devised a way to use her sexuality as a means of avoiding exploitation by her master and for other vested interests (Southern Mulatto Population).Slave men for their part were powerless to intervene as they faced the threat of death. (Africans in America). A slave couple residing on the same plantation were unsafe. Nothing demonstrated the husbands powerlessness more than the brutal whipping and rape of his wife and sale of his children. (The Slave Community Plantation Life in the Antebellum South is a book written by American Historian John W. Blassingame). However, owners also understood the importance and need of allowing monogamous relationships, as this was less likely to create run-away slaves.Slaves struggled to maintain the integrity of their family and culture, even as masters applied their stamp to the domestic life of the slave quarter. Fearing that slave children might question their authority, slave owners established rules and planned activities aimed at affirming his position as master. (Organization of American historians -Family life in the slave quarters survival strategies- Marie Jenkin Scwartz).The fact that the slaves in the antebellum south were legalized and property of the owners afforded them no rights or freedom. Their isolation from the north, where free slaves resided, further detracted from any hope of freedom or better part of life than at the hands of their tyrannical owners. ((Berkin Life of women slaves on the plantation- an essay Berkin, p. 62)

Women and Divorce in the Victorian Era Essay -- Victorian Era

Wowork force and Divorce in the straitlaced EraTheres a sanctity in this relation of life, said Mr. Bounderby, and - and - it essential be kept up.--Hard Times, 73Once married, only one in ten women divorced.--Life for WomenFor Victorians, divorce was not only extremely expensive, it was genuinely hard to do. Women and men stayed in unhappy marriages for numerous reasons. Many stayed away(p) from divorce because of the stigma attached to divorced women. It was also considered a social taboo. Prior to 1857 England was the only Protestant country in Europe that did not have provisions for civil divorce. Divorce could only be obtained through and through private Acts of Parliament (Divorce). Divorces were very hard to attain because on that point was no civil divorce. Private Acts were inconvenient and extremely costly. The poor had no way to attempt divorce under these circumstances. Just 322 divorces were approved previous to the passing of the 1857 Divorce and Matrimonial Caus es Act. Subsequent to this Act passing, divorce rank rose to about 369 in 1890, and 560 in 1900. (Divorce).Divorce laws highlighted the mismatched status of women to men through the unequal circumstances which divorce was granted. A man could divorce a woman merely on the railyard of criminal conversation. Yet a woman had to prove her husband guilty of adultery combined with cruelty, bigamy, incest, or bestiality (Marriage). The unequal status of women to men was also evident through how the courts classified married and single females. When a Victorian man and woman married, the rights of the woman were legally given over to her spouse. This suspension of the married womans legal personality was know as coverture. An unmarried woman was known in the law as a feme sole (... ...n before and during her marriage. * 1883 Custody Acts allowed for women to be awarded custody of children up to the age of 16 (Moore par.4-5).Works CitedDickens, Charles. Hard Times. Pearson Education . 2004.Divorce. The 1890s, An Encyclopedia of British Literature, Art, and Culture. rude(a) York. Garland Publishing, INC. 1993.Interesting Facts. 5 November 2004. .Life for Women. 2004. 7 November 2004. .Marriage and Divorce. Victorian Britain, An Encyclopedia. New York. Garland Publishing, INC. 1988.Moore, Melissa. Womens Issues Now & Then, A Feminist Overview of the quondam(prenominal) 2 Centuries. 2004. 6 November 2004. .

Anorexia and Bulimia - A Growing Epidemic Essay -- Causes of Bulimia N

binge-eating syndrome and anorexia is a growing epidemic in America. bulimia and Anorexia can offset printing at either age, but is most common between the ages of 11-17 years old. Of all the individuals that experience this illness only 50% of all of them argon ever cured, and another 6% that suffer from this horrible illness leave behind experience death. This illness has become very deadly to our young adults. Bulimia and anorexia can cause a distorted jut out in a persons mind because they truly believe they atomic number 18 overweight. In their minds they be beyond doubt obese. Even if the person weighs only 95 pounds. This sickness has the person thinking they are overweight. This could bring a fizzle a severe b reveal of depression. Once the person hits the stage of depression professional garter is take because the feeling of being overweight and depression could put the individual over the edge. Individual experiencing Bulimia go on what is called eating binges. Eating binges are when people eat longer amounts of food in less past two hours. (Internet3) Then after they binge they feel guilt or shame so they imply to undo their behavior. To undo their behavior they receive themselves vomit, or they take laxatives, water pills or starve themselves. (Cauwel21) Binge and poring ordinarily occurs more than two times a week for at least three months. (Internet1)What cause bulimia and anorexia? It can be brought on by stress or depression, but most often dieting causes it. (Erichsen 12) nerve-racking situations such as death can bring about bulimia and anorexia. Also many young adults frequently experience sessions of depression for assorted circumstances during their adolescents years. But, again most of the time bulimia and anorexia is trigger by dieting. (Moe 21) Many psychological factors play a large-minded role in the cause of bulimia and anorexia. People that have a fear of growing up sometimes have incidents with anorexia because th ey think that if they anticipate eating they want fare older or bigger. (Erichsen15)Ford5People need to take get a line of themselves if they are anorexia or bulimia because they can control how much they eat or if they want to eat.(internet1) If a person feels out of control because of difficulties at home they should control what they eat or if they are going to eat.The people that suppress anger need to release it and get it out. If there is a major life change, such as divorce, family problems,... ...rging behavior. dispute the weight and body image beliefs of the patients is also part of the treatment. Improving egotism and ability to communicate needs and feelings may be the key to the treatment. to each cardinal case is distinguishable, so the course of treatment for each patient is different but the guideline for case is the same. Anorexia patients mostly start off with baseborn amounts of nutritious and easily digestible foods such as eggs, custards, soups, and mi lkshakes are unremarkably what they eat the first days. People that have anorexia extra calcium and multivitamins pills to help with the large loss the body has sustained. (internet2) Bulimia and anorexia causes a distorted image in a persons mind, this is because they believe they are overweight. Depression is usually one of the first symptoms. Many people have suffered from this illness or chill out are suffering. Bulimia and anorexia could happen to a person at any age, but is most common in teenagers because of the problems young adults experience during. or so of the time it is trigger by dieting, but no matter how it is triggered it is a very dangerous illness. Do you Yahoo?Yahoo Small trade - Try our new resources site

Tragedy in William Shakespeares Romeo and Juliet :: William Shakespeare, Romeo and Juliet

Romeo and Juliet is one of Shakesp atrial auriclees most popular plays of exclusively meter, and to a fault one of the most tragic plays of all time. It is about twain lie withrs who commit suicide when their families prevent them from being together. They lived in a very complicated society, where they couldnt see apiece other or make out their passion for apiece other. They both had poor luck, by falling in love with a person that was your families enemy. Finally, they capture so much love for each other that they are willing to kill themselves for the other. Romeo and Juliet lived in a strange and complicated society, where they are punished for doing everything bad. There are a lot of reasons why they are victims of the society their families have been long time enemies, also how their biological parents were never their for their problems, instead Friar Laurence and the Nurse were unendingly there for them. Unfortunately there families wouldnt allow them to get marry . They got married secretly with the permission of the Friar, besides not of their parents. That was all caused because of their families background with each other, and their parents not caring about their decisions. Well they both have bad luck throughout the story. There are a lot of scenes where they have bad luck and where they are misfortunates. One very good physical exercise is, when Romeo kills Tybalt for killing Mercutio. Mercutio and Tybalt tal exponent trash to each other caused all this, but when they started to fighting Romeo interfered and Mercutio got killed. Everyone was laughing because they thought that Mercutio was joking around, but when Mercutio told Romeo in his ear tomorrow you shall find me a grave man he recognise that he had been killed. Romeo got mad and ran after Tybalt and started a fight, but he also ended up killing Tybalt. For someone who was really a king of the pussy cats, you would never expect him to kill someone. But unbelievably he was banis hed from Verona instead of being killed. Through out the story they had some abysmally funny ways of showing their passion for each others love. But the matter of the position is that they were deeply in love. In fact there were a lot of scenes where they shared their passion, they both fall in love by the first sight at the Capulet party, also how they killed each other for the other.

booking agreement :: essays research papers

BOOKING AGREEMENT This agreement ("Agreement") is in return agreed upon by _________________ also known as_________________ (" endowment") and _________________, representative of _________________ (" booster unit")on the _________________ (date of Agreement). 1. SERVICES TO BE PROVIDED BY TALENT a) Provide at least a 60 minute DJing appearance at a dance party (" accompaniment") located in the _________________ (city and state/country) geographic area on _________________ ("Date") between the hours of_________________ (start time) and _________________ (end time) ("Time").2. SERVICES TO BE PROVIDED BY THE PROMOTERa) relay transmitter agrees to provide totally entertainment at the Event other than endowment fund. b) Promoter agrees to provide a venue for the Event, all necessary permits and licenses to lawfully conduct the Event, including obtaining and commiting all work visas for Talent as necessary, and all equipment forthe op eration of the Event and the performance by Talent. c) Promoter agrees to contact the following travel agent to make any and all necessary arrangements for prompt payment of airline costs incurred in Talents tape drive to and from Event_____________________ (travel agent) ______________(phone number) for travel reservations from _________________ to _________________ and back, to arrive on _________________ (arrival date),no later than trine (3) hours prior to Event, and to depart on _________________ (departure date) on_________________ (airline).d) Promoter agrees to provide Talent hotel accommodations with a checkout time no earlier than three (3) hours before the airline departure time, consisting of ___ room(s) with 24 hour room service for a cessation of ____ night(s). e) Promoter agrees to provide transportation, car service, or shuttle for Talent to and from airports and Event location. If Talent handles any transportation costs, Promoter agrees to promptly reimburse Talen tfor the reasonable costs of such transportation.f) Promoter agrees to provide a sober, (i.e. non intoxicated or inebriated by alcohol, narcotics and/or otherwise), responsible, trusted someone ("Driver"), in their employ to escort Talent to and from hotel, airport,venue, etc. as well as to assist her in the event of problems checking in hotel, getting in venue, boarding flight, etc. g) Driver is required to remain "on call" by way of cellular communication and/or pager throughout the duration of Talents stay, be in possession of a sensible drivers license, hold current auto insurance on vehicle control in amounts customary and reasonable and be in possession of precise directions both to, from and including hotel, airport and Event location.3. COMPENSATION OF TALENTa) Promoter shall pay Talent the sum of $____.__ in US dollars ("Fee") for the rendering of service(s) hereunder.